Ritonavir

- TRADE NAMES: Kaletra (AbbVie); Norvir (AbbVie)
- INDICATIONS: HIV infection
- CLASS: Antiretroviral, CYP3A4 inhibitor, HIV-1 protease inhibitor
- HALF-LIFE: 3–5 hours
Abiraterone, Afatinib, Alfentanil, Alfuzosin, Alprazolam, Amiodarone, Amitriptyline, Amprenavir, Aprepitant, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atorvastatin, Atovaquone, Atovaquone/Proguanil, Avanafil, Azithromycin, Bepridil, Boceprevir, Bosentan, Brigatinib, Buprenorphine, Bupropion, Buspirone, Cabazitaxel, Cabozantinib, Calcifediol, Carbamazepine, Ceritinib, Chlordiazepoxide, Ciclesonide, Citalopram, Clozapine, Cobicistat/Elvitegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil, Colchicine, Conivaptan, Copanlisib, Crizotinib, Cyclosporine, Cyproterone, Darifenacin, Dasatinib, Deferasirox, Delavirdine, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Dihydroergotamine, Docetaxel, Dronedarone, Dutasteride, Efavirenz, Eletriptan, Eluxadoline, Ergot alkaloids, Ergotamine, Erlotinib, Estazolam, Estradiol, Eszopiclone, Etravirine, Everolimus, Ezetimibe, Fentanyl, Fesoterodine, Flecainide, Flibanserin, Flurazepam, Fluticasone Propionate, Fosamprenavir, Glecaprevir & Pibrentasvir, Halazepam, Indacaterol, Isavuconazonium Sulfate, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ixabepilone, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Ledipasvir & Sofosbuvir, Levomepromazine, Levothyroxine, Lomitapide, Lumateperone, Macitentan, Maraviroc, Meloxicam, Meperidine, Meptazinol, Methylergonovine, Methysergide, Midazolam, Midostaurin, Mifepristone, Naldemedine, Nelfinavir, Neratinib, Nifedipine, Nilotinib, Olaparib, Oliceridine, Oral Contraceptives, Osimertinib, Paclitaxel, Palbociclib, Paroxetine Hydrochloride, Pazopanib, Phenytoin, Pimozide, Piroxicam, Pitavastatin, Ponatinib, Posaconazole, Propafenone, Propoxyphene, Propranolol, Quazepam, Quinidine, Quinine, Ranolazine, Ribociclib, Rifabutin, Rifampin, Rifapentine, Rilpivirine, Rimonabant, Risperidone, Rivaroxaban, Romidepsin, Rosuvastatin, Ruxolitinib, Saquinavir, Sildenafil, Silodosin, Simeprevir, Simvastatin, Sofosbuvir, Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir, Solifenacin, St John's Wort, Sunitinib, Tadalafil, Telaprevir, Telithromycin, Temsirolimus, Tenofovir Disoproxil, Ticagrelor, Tolvaptan, Trabectedin, Triazolam, Ulipristal, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venetoclax, Vorapaxar, Voriconazole, Zolpidem, Zuclopenthixol
PREGNANCY CATEGORY: B
Protease inhibitors cause dyslipidemia which includes elevated triglycerides and cholesterol and redistribution of body fat centrally to produce the so-called 'protease paunch', breast enlargement, facial atrophy, and 'buffalo hump'.
Kaletra is ritonavir and lopinavir.
See also separate entry for ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir.
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
Allergic granulomatous angiitis / Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) / Churg-Strauss syndrome (see also anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis (angiitis)
(2002): Kawsar M+, Int J STD AIDS 13(4), 273
Cutaneous toxicity / skin toxicity
(2012): Dal Verme A+, Medicina (B Aires) (Spanish) 72(6), 475 (with ergotamine)
(2011): Acle S+, Rev Med Chil (Spanish) 139(12), 1597 (3 cases) (with ergotamine)
DRESS syndrome
(2014): Almudimeegh A+, Br J Dermatol 171(4), 895 (with adiazine, levetiracetam, pyrimethamine and HAART)
Exanthems <2%
(2005): Calista D+, Eur J Dermatol 15(2), 97 (with lopinavir)
(1997): Bachmeyer C+, Dermatology 195, 301 (2 cases) (HIV patients)
Jaundice 1%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2011): Song I+, Br J Clin Pharmacol 72(1), 103 (ocular / with atazanavir)
(2010): Squires KE+, HIV Clin Trials 11(2), 6913% (with atazanavir and abacavir/lamivudine)
Lipodystrophy
(2016): Antinori A+, Drug Des Devel Ther 10, 1589 (with darunavir)
(2015): Putcharoen O+, Drug Des Devel Ther 9, 5763 (passim)
(2002): Reid S, Can Adv Drug Reaction Newsletter 12, 5
(2001): van der Valk M+, AIDS 15(7), 847
Rash 27%
(2016): Antinori A+, Drug Des Devel Ther 10, 1589 (with darunavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263269% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Lin KY+, J Infect Chemother 20(8), 465 (with darunavir)
(2014): Nishijima T+, J Infect Chemother 20(4), 28511% (with darunavir)
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with lopinavir)
(2012): Santos JR+, PLoS One 7(5), e37442 (with darunavir)
(2012): Smith KY+, J Natl Med Assoc 104(7-8), 366 (with darunavir)
(2010): Currier J+, Ann Intern Med 153(6), 349 (with darunavir)
(2010): Squires KE+, HIV Clin Trials 11(2), 69 (with atazanavir and abacavir/lamivudine)
(2008): Borras-Blasco J+, J Antimicrob Chemother 62(5), 879 (with lopinavir)
(2005): Calista D, Eur J Dermatol 15(2), 97 (with lopinavir)
Xanthomas
(2005): Brown CA+, J Am Acad Dermatol 52(5 Suppl 1), S86
(2004): Geyer AS+, Arch Dermatol 140(5), 617
Alopecia / hair loss
(2003): Bongiovanni M+, Dermatol Online J 9(5), 28 (with lopinavir)
(2002): Ginarte M+, AIDS 16(12), 1695 (with indinavir)
Alopecia areata
(2014): Kim HS+, Infect Chemother 46(2), 103 (with atazanavir / indinavir / lopinavir)
Nail pigmentation
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Onychocryptosis (ingrowing toe nail)
(2001): James CW+, Ann Pharmacother 35(7), 881 (with indinavir)
Sialorrhea (ptyalism; hypersalivation)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Bradycardia / sinus bradycardia
(2023): Ganipisetti VM+, Cureus 15(1), e33831 (1 case / female) (with nirmatrelvir)
(2002): Kikuchi Y+, Clin Infect Dis 35(4), 488
Cardiotoxicity
(2014): Spagnuolo V+, J Int AIDS Soc 17(4 Suppl 3), Epub (with atazanavir)
(2009): McArthur MA+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 28(12), 1127 (in neonatal twins / with lopinavir)
QT interval prolonged / QT prolongation
(2011): Hunt K+, Ann Pharmacother 45(12), 1544 [REVIEW] (with saquinavir)
Sick sinus syndrome
(2013): Sasaki S+, Kansenshogaku Zasshi (Japanese) 87(5), 613 (2 cases) (with lopinavir)
Vasoconstriction
(2014): Ferry FR+, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 56(3), 265 (with lopinavir and ergotamine)
Anorexia
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Fever (pyrexia) (includes hyperpyrexia)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Headache
(2017): Orrell C+, Lancet HIV 4(12), e53613% (with ataxanavir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil)
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub39–40% (with tipranavir)
(2016): Fatkenheuer G+, HIV Med 17(6), 453 (with darunavir)
(2015): Molina JM+, Lancet HIV 2(4), e1275% (with darunavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clotet B+, Lancet 383(9936), 222210% (with darunavir)
(2014): Kowdley KV+, N Engl J Med 370(3), 222 (with ABT-333, ABT-450 and ribavirin)
(2009): Arasteh K+, Antivir Ther 14(6), 8592% (with darunavir)
Insomnia
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5734% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Kowdley KV+, N Engl J Med 370(3), 222 (with ABT-333, ABT-450 and ribavirin)
Neurotoxicity
(2010): Winston A+, HIV Clin Trials 11(3), 16316% (with darunavir)
(2008): Durrieu G+, Presse Med (French) 37(6 Pt 1), 935 (55 cases)
Peripheral neuropathy 10%
(2013): Lorber M, J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 12(3), 162 [REVIEW] (with darunavir)
Restlessness
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5734% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Somnolence (drowsiness)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Syncope / fainting 3%
(2023): Ganipisetti VM+, Cureus 15(1), e33831 (1 case / female) (with nirmatrelvir)
Vertigo / dizziness 16%
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, lopinavir and mefloquine)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5738% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Adrenal insufficiency (hypoadrenalism)
(2012): Yoganathan K+, Int J STD AIDS 23(7), 520 (with budesonide)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub7–22% (grade 3 or 4) (with tipranavir)
(2011): Gallien S+, J Antimicrob Chemother 66(9), 209918% (with raltegravir and tipranavir)
(2011): Neukam K+, J Antimicrob Chemother 66(11), 26058%
Appetite decreased
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub3–10% (grade 3 or 4) (with ritonavir)
Cushing's syndrome
(2013): Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK+, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (Dutch) 157(14), a5509 (salmeterol/fluticasone or triamcinolonacetonide with atazanavir, emtricitabine, ritonavir and tenofovir)
(2013): Hall JJ+, Int J STD AIDS 24(9), 748 (with darunavir and triamcinolone)
(2013): John G+, AIDS 27(17), 2827 (with triamcinolone)
(2012): Albert NE+, Am J Med Sci 344(1), 72 (with epidural triamcinolone)
(2012): Yoganathan K+, Int J STD AIDS 23(7), 520 (with budesonide)
(2009): Dupont C+, Rev Mal Respir 26 (7), 779 (2 cases) (with fluticasone)
(2007): Bhumbra NA+, Ann Pharmacother 41(7), 1306 (with fluticasone and lopinavir)
Diabetes mellitus
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with lopinavir)
Gynecomastia
(2001): Manfredi R+, Ann Pharmacother 35(4), 438
(2000): Bonfanti P+, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 23(3), 236
Hyperbilirubinemia
(2018): Fabbiani M+, J Antimicrob Chemother Apr, Epub ahead of print67% (grade 3 or 4) (with atazanavir)
(2016): Subashini D+, Indian J Pharmacol 48(5), 582 (with atazanavir)
(2015): Le MP+, Antivir Ther 20(5), 507 (grade 3 / 1 case) (with atazanavir)
(2015): Rutstein RM+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 34(2), 162 (with atazanavir)
(2015): Strehlau R+, J Int AIDS Soc 18(1), Epub9% (grade 3 or 4) (with atazanavir)
(2013): Mora-Peris B+, J Antimicrob Chemother 68(6), 1348 (with darunavir and maraviroc)
Hypercholesterolemia 3%
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub6–7% (grade 3 or 4) (with tipranavir)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5719% (with fosamprenavir)
Hyperlipidemia
(2016): Antinori A+, Drug Des Devel Ther 10, 1589 (with darunavir)
(2015): Putcharoen O+, Drug Des Devel Ther 9, 5763 (passim)
Hypertriglyceridemia (includes triglycerides increased) 9%
(2018): Fabbiani M+, J Antimicrob Chemother Apr, Epub ahead of print7% (grade 3 or 4) (with atazanavir)
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub5–8% (grade 3 or 4) (with tipranavir)
(2007): Chapman SJ+, AIDS 21(4), 532 (with tipranavir)
Miscarriage
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Abdominal pain 26%
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub13–14% (with tipranavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57314% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Diarrhea 68%
(2016): Antinori A+, Drug Des Devel Ther 10, 1589 (with darunavir)
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub51% (with tipranavir)
(2015): Molina JM+, Lancet HIV 2(4), e12724% (with darunavir)
(2015): Strehlau R+, J Int AIDS Soc 18(1), Epub36% (with atazanavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57365% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clotet B+, Lancet 383(9936), 222229% (with darunavir)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114315% (with lopinavir)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5754% (with fosamprenavir)
(2013): Orkin C+, HIV Med 14(1), 495–11% (with darunavir or lopinavir)
(2012): Smith KY+, J Natl Med Assoc 104(7-8), 366 (with darunavir)
(2012): Wegzyn CM+, J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 11(4), 25216% (with lopinavir)
(2010): Currier J+, Ann Intern Med 153(6), 349 (with darunavir)
(2010): Squires KE+, HIV Clin Trials 11(2), 694% (with atazanavir and abacavir/lamivudine)
(2009): Arasteh K+, Antivir Ther 14(6), 8593% (with darunavir)
Flatulence 8%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Gastritis / pangastritis / gastric irritation
(2014): Cahn P+, Lancet Infect Dis 14(7), 572 (serious / 1 case) (with lamivudine and lopinavir)
Gastrointestinal disorder / discomfort
(2020): Chouchana L+, Ther Drug Monit Nov, Online ahead of print (with lopinavir)
(2016): Antinori A+, Drug Des Devel Ther 10, 1589 (with darunavir)
(2014): Zorrilla CD+, HIV Med 15(1), 5025% (with darunavir)
(2013): Ramanathan S+, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 64(1), 45 (with combined elvitegravir / cobicistat / emtricitabine / tenofovir)
(2012): Santos JR+, PLoS One 7(5), e37442 (with darunavir)
Hepatic (liver) disorder / hepatobiliary disorder / hepatic (liver) dysfunction
(2020): Chouchana L+, Ther Drug Monit Nov, Online ahead of print (with lopinavir)
Hepatotoxicity / liver injury / acute liver injury / drug-induced liver injury (DILI) 9%
(2021): Tang H+, Int J Clin Pharm Jul, Online ahead of print [REVIEW] (with lopinavir)
(2016): Subashini D+, Indian J Pharmacol 48(5), 582 (with atazanavir)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263239% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2012): Brunet C+, Med Mal Infect 42(9), 421 (grade 3) (maternal / with saquinavir)
(2009): Mikl J+, BMC Infect Dis 9 (with tipranavir)
(2006): Julg B+, AIDS 20(11), 1563 (with enfuvirtide and tiranavir)
Nausea 57%
(2018): Youngberg S+, J Drug Assess 7(1), 66
(2017): Orrell C+, Lancet HIV 4(12), e53620% (with atazanavir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil)
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub39–40% (with tipranavir)
(2015): Molina JM+, Lancet HIV 2(4), e12714% (with darunavir)
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, lopinavir and mefloquine)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57371% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clotet B+, Lancet 383(9936), 222218% (with darunavir)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114319% (with lopinavir)
(2014): Kowdley KV+, N Engl J Med 370(3), 222 (with ABT-333, ABT-450 and ribavirin)
(2012): Smith KY+, J Natl Med Assoc 104(7-8), 366 (with darunavir)
(2010): Currier J+, Ann Intern Med 153(6), 349 (with darunavir)
(2010): Squires KE+, HIV Clin Trials 11(2), 69 (with atazanavir and abacavir/lamivudine)
(2009): Arasteh K+, Antivir Ther 14(6), 8592% (with darunavir)
Vomiting 32%
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub10–16% (with ritonavir)
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, lopinavir and mefloquine)
(2015): Strehlau R+, J Int AIDS Soc 18(1), Epub29% (with atazanavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57335% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114313% (with lopinavir)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5722% (with fosamprenavir)
(2009): Arasteh K+, Antivir Ther 14(6), 8593% (with darunavir)
Bleeding
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Neutropenia (neutrophils decreased)
(2014): Rudek MA+, Cancer 120(8), 1194 (3 cases) (with HAART and sunitinib)
Sepsis
(2014): Spagnuolo V+, J Int AIDS Soc 17(4 Suppl 3), Epub (triple-based therapy with atazanavir)
Asthenia / fatigue 46%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310–27% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263289% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Kowdley KV+, N Engl J Med 370(3), 222 (with ABT-333, ABT-450 and ribavirin)
Neck pain
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
Osteomalacia
(2013): Lucey JM+, BMJ Case Rep Jul, Epub (with emtricitabine, lopinavir and tenofovir)
Rhabdomyolysis
(2003): Mah Ming JB+, AIDS Patient Care STDS 17(5), 207 (with clarithromycin, atorvastatin and lopinavir)
(2002): Cheng CH+, Am J Health Syst Pharm 59(8), 728
Conjunctivitis (conjunctival inflammation)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5717% (with fosamprenavir)
Fanconi syndrome
(2013): Kapadia J+, Indian J Pharmacol 45(2), 191 (with tenofovir)
(2013): Lucey JM+, BMJ Case Rep Jul, Epub (with emtricitabine, lopinavir and tenofovir)
(2011): Kuijper A+, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 155, A2249 (with HAART / tenofovir)
(2008): Gupta SK, AIDS Patient Care STDS 22(2), 99 [REVIEW] (with tenofovir)
Nephrolithiasis (formation of a kidney stone)
(2014): Izzedine H+, Clin Kidney J 7(2), 121 [REVIEW]
(2014): Spagnuolo V+, J Int AIDS Soc 17(4 Suppl 3), Epub (with atazanavir)
(2004): Doco-Lecompte T+, AIDS 18(4), 705 (with lopinavir)
Nephrotoxicity / kidney injury / acute kidney injury (AKI) / drug-induced kidney injury
(2015): Chughlay MF+, AIDS 29(4), 503 (with lopinavir)
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with lopinavir)
(1998): Deray G+, Presse Med 27(35), 180113%
Renal failure
(2014): Krishna MM+, Indian J Pharmacol 46(2), 230 (delayed / with emtricitabine, lopinavir and tenofovir)
(2014): Spagnuolo V+, J Int AIDS Soc 17(4 Suppl 3), Epub (triple-based therapy with atazanavir)
Nasopharyngitis
(2016): Cooper DA+, PLoS One 11(1), Epub13–17% (with tipranavir)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5729% (with fosamprenavir)
Upper respiratory tract infection
(2015): Strehlau R+, J Int AIDS Soc 18(1), Epub36% (with atazanavir)
(2014): Cotton M+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(1), 5736% (with fosamprenavir)
Adverse effects / adverse reactions
(2019): Klimova EA+, Ter Arkh (Russian) 91(8), 67-7443% (with narlaprevir and daclatasvir)
(2015): Putcharoen O+, Drug Des Devel Ther 9, 5763 (gastrointestinal / passim)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 2632 (gastrointestinal / with lamivudine, lopinavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Gazzola L+, HIV Clin Trials 15(4), 140 (with darunavir and etravirine)
(2014): Judd A+, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23(3), 321 (with fosamprenavir)
(2014): Macias J+, HIV Med 15(7), 417 (with darunavir and maraviroc)
(2014): Podzamczer D+, J Antimicrob Chemother 69(9), 253610% (with abacavir, darunavir and lamivudine)
(2014): Salazar JC+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 33(4), 39655–65% (with tripranavir)
(2012): Moyle GJ+, Antivir Ther 17(4), 6894%
(2011): Elgadi MM+, Drugs R D 11(4), 29521–25% (with tripranavir or darunavir)
Adverse reactions attributed to entire drug class Antiretroviral
Hematological adverse effect
(2019): Oumar AA+, Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 8(5), 83115%
Optic neuropathy
(2013): Wang MY+, J Neuroophthalmol 33(2), 172 [REVIEW]
Adverse effects / adverse reactions
(2019): Oumar AA+, Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 8(5), 83142%
(2014): Lorio M+, J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 13(5), 4666%
Adverse reactions attributed to entire drug class HIV-1 protease inhibitor
Eczema / eczematous reaction / eczematous eruption
(2015): Descamps V+, Br J Dermatol 173(1), 311
Xerosis / xeroderma (see also dry skin)
(2015): Descamps V+, Br J Dermatol 173(1), 311
Page last updated 01/20/2023
Symbol key
Incidence 
- <1%
- 1-5%
- 5-10%
- 10-15%
- 15-20%
- 20-30%
- >30%
Warnings in other populations 
- Breast feeding
- Geriatric
- Pediatric