Lopinavir

- TRADE NAMES: Aluvira; Kaletra (AbbVie)
- INDICATIONS: HIV-1 infected children above the age of 2 years and adults, in combination with other antiretroviral agents
- CLASS: Antiretroviral, Covid-19 putative drug, HIV-1 protease inhibitor
- HALF-LIFE: 5–6 hours
Abacavir, Alfuzosin, Amiodarone, Amprenavir, Aripiprazole, Artemether/Lumefantrine, Atazanavir, Atorvastatin, Atovaquone, Bepridil, Bosentan, Brigatinib, Bupropion, Cabozantinib, Carbamazepine, Chlorpheniramine, Cisapride, Clarithromycin, Colchicine, Copanlisib, Cyclosporine, Darifenacin, Darunavir, Dasatinib, Delavirdine, Dexamethasone, Didanosine, Digoxin, Disulfiram, Efavirenz, Elbasvir & Grazoprevir, Eltrombopag, Eluxadoline, Ergotamine, Estradiol, Felodipine, Fentanyl, Flecainide, Fluticasone Propionate, Fosamprenavir, Glecaprevir & Pibrentasvir, Indinavir, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Lidocaine, Lidocaine, Lomitapide, Lovastatin, Maraviroc, Methadone, Methylergonovine, Metronidazole, Midazolam, Midostaurin, Mifepristone, Nelfinavir, Neratinib, Nevirapine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nilotinib, Olaparib, Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Palbociclib, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Pimozide, Pitavastatin, Ponatinib, Primidone, Quinidine, Ranolazine, Ribociclib, Rifabutin, Rifampin, Rilpivirine, Rivaroxaban, Rosuvastatin, Ruxolitinib, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sildenafil, Simeprevir, Simvastatin, Sirolimus, Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir, St John's Wort, Tacrolimus, Tadalafil, Telithromycin, Tenofovir Disoproxil, Tipranavir, Tolterodine, Trazodone, Triazolam, Vardenafil, Venetoclax, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Voriconazole, Warfarin, Zidovudine
PREGNANCY CATEGORY: C
See adverse reactions attributed to class:
Kaletra is lopinavir and ritonavir.
Jaundice
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Rash <10%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263269% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with ritonavir)
(2008): Borras-Blasco J+, J Antimicrob Chemother 62(5), 879 (with ritonavir)
(2005): Calista D, Eur J Dermatol 15(2), 97 (with ritonavir)
Alopecia / hair loss
(2007): Borras-Blasco+, Pharmacotherapy 27(8), 1215
(2007): Chrysos G+, J Drugs Dermatol 6(7), 742
(2003): Bongiovanni M+, Dermatol Online J 9(5), 28 (with ritonavir)
Nail pigmentation
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Oropharyngeal pain
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Sialorrhea (ptyalism; hypersalivation)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Cardiotoxicity
(2009): McArthur MA+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 28(12), 1127 (in neonatal twins / with ritonavir)
Sick sinus syndrome
(2013): Sasaki S+, Kansenshogaku Zasshi (Japanese) 87(5), 613 (2 cases) (with ritonavir)
Vasoconstriction
(2014): Ferry FR+, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 56(3), 265 (with ergotamine and ritonavir)
Anorexia
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Fever (pyrexia) (includes hyperpyrexia)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Headache
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Insomnia
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5734% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Restlessness
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5734% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Somnolence (drowsiness)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5736% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Vertigo / dizziness
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, mefloquine and ritonavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5738% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Appetite decreased
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Cushing's syndrome
(2007): Bhumbra NA+, Ann Pharmacother 41(7), 1306 (with fluticasone and ritonavir)
Diabetes mellitus
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with ritonavir)
Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
(2010): Yeong MM+, Pediatr Infect Dis J 29 (7), 678
Miscarriage
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Abdominal pain
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57314% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Diarrhea >10%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57365% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114315% (with ritonavir)
(2013): Orkin C+, HIV Med 14(1), 4911% (with ritonavir)
(2012): Wegzyn CM+, J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 11(4), 25216% (with ritonavir)
(2009): Nunes EP+, HIV Clin Trials 10 (6), 368
Flatulence <10%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Gastritis / pangastritis / gastric irritation
(2014): Cahn P+, Lancet Infect Dis 14(7), 572 (serious / 1 case) (with lamivudine and ritonavir)
Gastrointestinal disorder / discomfort
(2020): Chouchana L+, Ther Drug Monit Nov, Online ahead of print (with ritonavir)
Hepatic (liver) disorder / hepatobiliary disorder / hepatic (liver) dysfunction
(2020): Chouchana L+, Ther Drug Monit Nov, Online ahead of print (with ritonavir)
Hepatotoxicity / liver injury / acute liver injury / drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263239% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Nausea <10%
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, mefloquine and ritonavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57371% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114319% (with ritonavir)
(2010): Zajdenverg R+, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 54 (2), 143
Pancreatitis / acute pancreatitis
(2008): Anand H+, J Postgrad Med 54(2), 153
(2008): Bhargava P, J Postgrad Med 54(3), 241
Vomiting <10%
(2015): Rattanapunya S+, Malar J 14(1), 400 (with artesunate, mefloquine and ritonavir)
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57335% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Clumeck N+, AIDS 28(8), 114313% (with ritonavir)
Bleeding
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 573 (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Asthenia / fatigue <10%
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 57310–27% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 263289% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Neck pain
(2015): Tetteh RA+, BMC Public Health 15(1), 5732% (with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Osteomalacia
(2013): Lucey JM+, BMJ Case Rep Jul, Epub (with emtricitabine, ritonavir and tenofovir)
Fanconi syndrome
(2013): Lucey JM+, BMJ Case Rep Jul, Epub (with emtricitabine, ritonavir and tenofovir)
Nephrolithiasis (formation of a kidney stone)
(2014): Izzedine H+, Clin Kidney J 7(2), 121 [REVIEW]
(2004): Doco-Lecompte T+, AIDS 18(4), 705 (with ritonavir)
Nephrotoxicity / kidney injury / acute kidney injury (AKI) / drug-induced kidney injury
(2021): Tang H+, Int J Clin Pharm Jul, Online ahead of print [REVIEW] (with ritonavir)
(2015): Chughlay MF+, AIDS 29(4), 503 (with ritonavir)
(2014): Santini-Oliveira M+, Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12), 1623 [REVIEW] (with ritonavir)
Renal failure
(2014): Krishna MM+, Indian J Pharmacol 46(2), 230 (delayed / with emtricitabine, ritonavir and tenofovir)
Adverse effects / adverse reactions
(2014): Cai J+, Chin Med J (Engl) 127(14), 2632 (gastrointestinal / with lamivudine, ritonavir and zidovudine)
Adverse reactions attributed to entire drug class Antiretroviral
Hematological adverse effect
(2019): Oumar AA+, Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 8(5), 83115%
Optic neuropathy
(2013): Wang MY+, J Neuroophthalmol 33(2), 172 [REVIEW]
Adverse effects / adverse reactions
(2019): Oumar AA+, Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 8(5), 83142%
(2014): Lorio M+, J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 13(5), 4666%
Adverse reactions attributed to entire drug class Covid-19 putative drug
Cutaneous adverse reaction (includes severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction (SCAR))
(2020): Tursen U+, Dermatol Ther May, Epub ahead of print [REVIEW]
Cardiovascular adverse effect
(2022): Hamidian M+, J Res Med Sci 27, 92 [REVIEW] (with underlying comorbidities)
(2020): Carpenter A+, Front Cardiovasc Med 7, 85 [REVIEW]
(2020): Giudicessi JR+, Mayo Clin Proc May, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Naksuk N+, Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care May, Epub ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Sarayani A+, Res Social Adm Pharm Apr, Epub ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Zhang D+, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (Chinese) 45(10), 2275-2286 [REVIEW]
Neuropsychiatric / neuropsychological adverse effect
(2021): Borah P+, Front Mol Biosci 8, 627723
(2020): García CAC+, Gen Hosp Psychiatry Jun, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
Gastrointestinal disorder / discomfort
(2020): Sun J+, Clin Pharmacol Ther Apr, Epub ahead of print23%
Hepatic (liver) disorder / hepatobiliary disorder / hepatic (liver) dysfunction
(2020): Sun J+, Clin Pharmacol Ther Apr, Epub ahead of print14%
Thrombocytopenia
(2020): Nham E+, Infect Chemother Apr, Epub ahead of print
Adverse effects / adverse reactions
(2022): Aguilera C+, Diagnostics (Basel) 12(7), 1612
(2022): Chiu MN+, Eur J Clin Pharmacol Jan, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2022): Diak IL+, Drug Saf Dec, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2021): Bérard A+, PLoS One 16(5), e0251746 [REVIEW] (in pregnancy)
(2021): Cheng Q+, Aging (Albany NY) Sep, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2021): Cruciani F+, Recenti Prog Med 112(3), 195-206 [REVIEW]
(2021): Drożdżal S+, Drug Resist Updat Dec, eCollection [REVIEW]
(2021): Ommati MM+, J Biochem Mol Toxicol May, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2021): Qiu R+, Medicine (Baltimore) 100(16), e25532 [REVIEW]
(2021): Wu SS+, Chin Med J (Engl) Jul, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Favilli A+, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med Jun, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Griffiths G+, Trials 21(1), 544
(2020): Patil VM+, Life Sci May, Epub ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Rhodes NJ+, medRxiv Jun, Preprint
(2020): Sun J+, Clin Pharmacol Ther Apr, Epub ahead of print38%
(2020): Svensson M, Lakartidningen (Swedish) Apr, 117
(2020): Wen CY+, Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (Chinese) May, Epub ahead of print
(2020): Zekarias A+, Drug Saf Sep, Online ahead of print [REVIEW]
(2020): Zhong H+, Pharmacol Res Apr, Epub ahead of print [REVIEW]
Adverse reactions attributed to entire drug class HIV-1 protease inhibitor
Eczema / eczematous reaction / eczematous eruption
(2015): Descamps V+, Br J Dermatol 173(1), 311
Xerosis / xeroderma (see also dry skin)
(2015): Descamps V+, Br J Dermatol 173(1), 311
Page last updated 08/01/2022
Symbol key
Incidence 
- <1%
- 1-5%
- 5-10%
- 10-15%
- 15-20%
- 20-30%
- >30%
Warnings in other populations 
- Breast feeding
- Geriatric
- Pediatric