Objective: To review the hypersensitivity reaction to drugs known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome), based on a case report. We also intend to discuss the difficulty and importance of disease recognition, since none of the changes is pathognomonic of this disease and failure to identify it may have disastrous consequences for the patient.
Method: To describe this case report, in addition to the information collected for clinical assessment, a literature review was performed in the PubMed and Bireme databases in order to retrieve the latest information published in literature on DRESS syndrome.
Results: The case of a 20-year old patient is reported. After anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory tests a diagnosis of DRESS syndrome was performed, characterized by rash, hematologic alterations, lymphadenopathy and lesions in target organ. This is a rare syndrome, whose frequency varies according to the drug used and the immune status of the patient, being more often associated with the use of anticonvulsants.
Conclusion: The approach and discussion of the topic are of paramount importance, in view of the potential lethality of this treatable syndrome. Recognizing the occurrence of DRESS syndrome and starting treatment as soon as possible is crucial to reduce the risk of mortality and improve prognosis.